|
References and Acknowledgements
Second
Part of Paper
FACTOR VIII, HIV AND AIDS IN HAEMOPHILIACS: AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR
RELATIONSHIP
Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, Valendar F.Turner, John
M. Papadimitriou & David Causer
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all our colleagues and especially
Richard Fox, Wendy Erber, Michael Ristow, Stephan Lanka, Alfred
Hässig, Neville Hodgkinson, Christine Johnson, Fabio Franchi,
Cecily Metcalf, Philip Adams, Barry Page, Livio Mina, Gary James,
Iris Peter, the staff of the Royal Perth Hospital Library and the
clerical staff of the Department of Medical Physics. We also thank
Harvey Bialy, Udo Schuklenk, Charles Thomas, Gordon Stewart, James
Whitehead and Katrina Prastidis for continual encouragement, and
Peter Duesberg for inviting us to submit this paper to Genetica.
We especially thank Michael Verney-Elliot, Joan Shenton and Bruce
Hedland- Thomas for their help and motivating encouragement.
References
Aaronson, S. A., Todaro, G. J. & Scholnick,
E. M., 1971. Induction of murine C-type viruses from clonal lines
of virus-free BALB/3T3 cells. Science 174:157-159.
Agbalika, F., Ferchal, F., Garnier, J. P., Eugene,
M., Bedrossian, J. & Lagrange, P. H., 1992. False-positive HIV
antigens related to emergence of a 25-30kD proteins detected in
organ recipients. AIDS 6:959-962.
Allain, J. P., 1986. Prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV
antibodies in patients with hemophilia and in their sexual partners
in France. NEJM 315:517.
Allain, J. P., Laurian, Y., Paul, D. A., Verroust,
F., Leuther, M., Gazengel, C., Senn, D., Larrieu, M. J. & Bosser,
C., 1987. Long-term evaluation of HIV antigen and antibodies to
p24 and gp41 in patients with hemophilia. NEJM 317:1114-1121.
Andrews, C. A., Sullivan, J. L., Brettler, D. B.,
Brewster, F. E., Forsberg, A. D., Scesney, S. & Levine, P. H.,
1987. Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus from hemophiliacs:
correlation with clinical symptoms and immunologic abnormalities.
J. Pediatr. 111:672-677.
Anonymous, 1987. CDC definition inadequate to handle
growing cases, scientists complain. AIDS Alert July:120-121.
Aronson, D. L., 1983. Pneumonia deaths in haemophiliacs.
Lancet II:1023. Barthel, H. R. & Wallace, D. J., 1993. False-positive
human immunodeficiency virus testing in patients with lupus erythematosus.
Sem. Arthrit. Rheumat. 23:1-7.
Bauer, H., Daams, J. H., Watson, K. F., Molling,
K., Gelderblom, H. & Schafer, W., 1974. Oncornavirus-like particles
in HeLa cells. II. Immunological characterization of the virus.
Int. J. Cancer 13:254-261.
Beeser, H., 1991. Characterization of highly purified
factor VIII products. Ann. Hematol. 63:126-130.
Beral, V., Peterman, T. A., Berkelman, R. L. &
Jaffe, H. W., 1990. Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS:a sexually
transmitted infection? Lancet 335:123-128.
Biggar, R. J., 1986. Possible nonspecific associations
between malaria and HTLV-III/LAV. NEJM 315:457.
Blattner, W. A. 1989. Retroviruses. pp. 545-592,
in Viral infections of humans, 3rd Edition, edited by
A. S. Evans, Plenum Medical Book Company, New York.
Bolognesi, D., 1990. Vaccine development for HIV
infection. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 22:1295-1299.
Brenner, B., Schwartz, S., Ben-Porath, E., Tatarsky,
I., Varon, D. & Martinowitz, U., 1991. The prevalence and interaction
of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B infections in Israeli
hemophiliacs. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 27:557-561.
Brettle, R. P., Gore, S. M., Bird, A. G. & McNeil,
A. J., 1993. Clinical and epidemiological implications fo the Centers
for Disease Control/World Health Organization reclassifaction of
AIDS cases. AIDS 7:531-539.
Brettler, D. B., Forsberg, A. D., Levine, P. H.,
Andrews, C. A., Baker, S. & Sullivan, J. L., 1988. Human immunodeficiency
virus isolation studies and antibody testing. Arch. Int. Med. 148:1299-1301.
Burke, B. A. & Good, R. A., 1973. Pneumocystis
carinii infection. Medicine 52:23-50.
Callaham, M. L., 1991. Prophylaxis with zidovudine
(AZT) after exposure to human immunodeficiency virus: a brief discussion
of the issues for emergency physicians. Ann. Emerg. Med. 20:1351-1354.
Callebaut, C., Krust, B., Jacotot, E. & Hovanessian,
A. G., 1993. T cell activation antigen, CD26, as a cofactor for
entry of HIV in CD4+ cells. Science 262:2045-2050.
CDC. 1981. Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia
among homosexual men-New York City and California. MMWR 30:305-307.
CDC. 1982. Epidemiological aspects of the current
outbreak of Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections. NEJM
306:248-252.
CDC. 1982. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among
persons with hemophilia A. MMWR 31:365-367.
CDC. 1982. Update on acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS)-United States. MMWR 31:507-514.
CDC. 1982. Update on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic
Infections in Previously Healthy Persons-United States. MMWR 31:294-301.
CDC. 1987. Revision of the CDC surveillance case
definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAMA 258:1143-1154.
CDC. 1987. Survey of non-U.S. hemophilia treatment
centers for HIV seroconversions following therapy with heat-treated
factor VIII concentrates. MMWR 36:121-124.
CDC. 1991. Mortality attributable to HIV infection/AIDS-United
States, 1981-1990. MMWR 40:41-44.
CDC. 1992. 1993 Revised Classification System for
HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS
Among Adolescents and Adults. MMWR 41:1-19.
CDC 1994. Facts about the human immunodeficiency
virus and its transmission. CDC HIV/AIDS Prevention. January.
Chang, L. J., Pryciak, P., Ganem, D. & Varmus,
H. E., 1989. Biosynthesis of the reverse transcriptase of hepatitis
B viruses involves de novo translational initiation not ribsomal
frameshifting. Nature 337:364-368.
Chopra, H. C. & Feller, W. F., 1969. Viruslike
particles in human breast cancer. Texas Rep. Biol. Med. 27:945-953.
Clark, S. J., Saag, M. S., Decker, W. D., Campbell-Hill,
S., Roberson, J. L., Veldkamp, P. J., Kappes, J. C., Hahn, B. H.
& Shaw, G. M., 1991. High titers of cytopathic virus in plasma
of patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. NEJM 324:954-960.
Cohen, J., 1993. Unlikely Recruit: Andrew Leigh
Brown. Science 260:1264.
Conway, B. 1990. Detection of HIV-1 by PCR in Clinical
Specimens. pp. 40-45, in Techniques in HIV Research, edited by A.
Aldovini and B. D. Walker, Macmillan, New York.
Conway, B., Baskar, P., Bechtel, L. J., Kaplan,
J. C., Hirsch, M. S., Schooley, R. T. & Pincus, S. H., 1992.
Eosinophils as host cells for HIV-1. J Arch Virol 127:373-377.
Coombs, R. W., Collier, A. C., Allain, J. P., Nikora,
B., Leuther, M., Gjerset, G. & Corey, L., 1989. Plasma viremia
in human immunodeficiency virus infection. NEJM 321:1626-1631.
Damjanovic, V., 1987. What makes human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) resistant to dry heat inactivation. J. Hosp. Infect.
10:209-210.
Damjanovic, V., 1989. Haemophiliacs with HIV seroconversion
associated with heat-treated products: are they actively infected?
JAMA 261:1275.
Daniel, V., Schimpf, K. & Opelz, G., 1989. Lymphocyte
autoantibodies and alloantibodies in HIV-positive haemophilia patients.
Clin. Exp. Immunol. 75:178-183.
Darby, S. C., Doll, R., Thakrar, B., Rizza, C. R.
& Cox, D. R., 1990. Time from infection with HIV to onset of
AIDS in patients with haemophilia in the UK. Stat. Med. 9:681-689.
Darby, S. C., Rizza, C. R., Doll, R., Spooner, R.
J. D., Stratton, I. M. & Thakrar, B., 1989. Incidence of AIDS
and excess mortality associated with HIV in haemophiliacs in the
United Kingdom: report on behalf of the directors of haemophilia
centres in the United Kingdom. Br. Med. J 298:1064-1068.
Dewar, R. L., Sarmiento, M. D., Lawton, E. S., Clark,
H. M., Kennedy, P. E., Shah, A., Baseler, M., Metcalf, J. A., Lance,
H. C. & Salzman, N. P., 1992. Isolation of HIV-1 from plasma
of infected individuals: an analysis of experimental conditions
affecting successful virus propogation. J. Acquir. Immune Defic.
Syndr. 5:822-828.
Duesberg, P. H., 1992. AIDS acquired by drug consumption
and other noncontagious risk factors. Pharmac. Ther. 55:201-277.
Esiri, M. M., Scaravilli, F., Millard, P. R. &
Harcourt-Webster, J. N., 1989. Neuropathology of HIV infection in
haemophiliacs: comparative necrospy study. Br. Med. J. 299:1312-1315.
Evatt, B. L., Gomperts, E. D., McDougal, J. S. &
Ramsey, R. B., 1985. Coincidental appearance of LAV/HTLV-III antibodies
in hemophiliacs and the onset of the AIDS epidemic. NEJM 312:483-486.
Eyster, M. E., Gail, M. H., Ballard, J. O., Al-Mondhiry,
H. & Goedert, J. J., 1987. Natural history of human immunodeficiency
virus infections in hemophiliacs: effects of T-cell subsets, platelet
counts, and age. Ann. Int. Med. 107:1-6.
Eyster, M. E. & Nau, M. E., 1978. Particulate
material in antihemophiliac factor (AHF) concentrates. Transfusion
September-October:576-581.
Eyster, M. E., Whitehurst, D. A., Catalano, P. M.,
McMillan, C. W., Goodnight, S. H., Kasper, C. K., Gill, J. C., Aledort,
L. M., Hilgartner, M. W., Levine, P. H., Edson, J. R., Hathaway,
W. E., Lusher, J. M., Gill, F. M., Poole, W. K. & Shapiro, S.
S., 1985. Long-term follow-up of hemophiliacs with lymphocytopenia
or thrombocytopenia. Blood 66:1317-1320.
Fernandez-Palazzi, F., de Bosch, N. B. & de
Vargas, A. F., 1984. Radioactive synovectomy in haemophilic haemarthrosis.
Follow-up of fifty cases. Scand. J. Haematol. 33:291-300.
Follansbee, S. E., Busch, D. F., Wofsy, C. B., Coleman,
D. L., Gullet, J., Aurigemma, G. P., Ross, T., Hadley, W. K. &
Drew, L., 1982. An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in
homosexual men. Ann. Int. Med. 96:705-713.
Gallo, R. C., 1986. The First Human Retrovirus.
Sci. Am. 255:78-88. Gallo, R. C., 1987. The AIDS virus. Sci. Am.
256:38-48.
Gallo, R. C. & Montagnier, L., 1988.AIDS in
1988. Sci. Am. 259:24-32.
Gallo, R. C., Sarin, P. S. & Wu, A. M. 1973.
On the nature of the Nucleic Acids and RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase
from RNA Tumor Viruses and Human Cells. pp. 13-34, in Possible Episomes
in Eukaryotes, edited by L. G. Silvestri, North-Holland Publishing
Company, Amsterdam.
Goedert, J. J., Kessler, C. M., Aledort, L. M.,
Biggar, R. J., Abe Andes, W., White II, G. C., Drummond, J. E.,
Vaidya, K., Mann, D. L., Eyster, M. E., Ragni, M. V., Lederman,
M. M., Cohen, A. R., Bray, G. L., Rosenberg, P. S., Friedman, R.
M., Hilgartner, M. W., Blattner, W. A., Kroner, B. & Gail, M.
H., 1989. A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type
1 infection and the development of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia.
NEJM 321:1141-1148.
Gomperts, E. D., 1990. HIV infection in hemophiliac
children: clinical manifestations and therapy. Am. J. Ped. Hematol/Oncol.
12:497-504.
Gomperts, E. D., Feorino, P., Evatt, B. L., Warfield,
D., Miller, R. & McDougal, J. S., 1985. LAV/HTLV III presence
in peripheral blood lymphocytes of seropositive young hemophiliacs.
Blood 65:1549-1552.
Gougeon, M. L., Laurent-Crawford, A. G., Hovanessian,
A. G. & Montagnier, L., 1993. Direct and indirect mechanisms
mediating apoptosis during HIV infection: contribution to in vivo
CD4 T cell depletion. Immunol. 5:187-194.
Greenspan, J. S. & Greenspan, D. 1989. Hairy
leukoplakia and other oral features of HIV infection. pp. 449-465,
in AIDS Pathogenesis and Treatment, 1st Edition, edited
by J. A. Levy, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Haseltine, W. A. & Wong-Staal, F., 1988. The
molecular biology of the AIDS virus. Sci. Am. 259:34-42.
Hausmann, E. H. S., Gelderblom, H. R., Clapham,
P. R., Pauli, G. & Weiss, R. A., 1987. Detection of HIV envelope
specific proteins by immunoelectron microscopy and correlation with
antibody titer and virus neutralizing activity. J. Virol. Meth.
16:125-137.
Helmer, R. E., Alperin, J. B., Yunginger, J. W.
& Grant, J. A., 1980. Anaphylactic reactions following infusion
of factor VIII in a patient with classic hemophilia. Am. J. Med.
69:953-957.
Hilfenhaus, J. W., Gregersen, J. P., Mehdi, S. &
Volk, R., 1990. Inactivation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 by various manufacturing
procedures for human plasma proteins. Cancer Detect. Prev. 14:369-375.
Hilgartner, M. W., 1987. AIDS and hemophilia. NEJM
317:1153-1154.
Hirsch, M. S., Phillips, S. M. & Solnik, C.,
1972. Activation of Leukemia Viruses by Graft-Versus-Host and Mixed
Lymphocyte Reactions In Vitro. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 69:1069-1072.
Ho, D. D., Moudgil, T. & Alam, M., 1989. Quantitation
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected
persons. NEJM 321:1621-1625.
Hollan, S. R., Fust, G., Nagy, K., Horvath, A.,
Krall, G., Verebelyi, K., Ujhelyi, E., Varga, L. & Mayer, V.,
1985. Immunological alterations in anti-HTLL-III negative haemophiliacs
and homosexual men in Hungary. Immunol. Lett. 11:305-310.
Hooks, J., Gibbs, C. J., Chopra, H., Lewis, M. &
Gajdusek, D. C., 1972. Spontaneous transformation of human brain
cells grown in vitro and description of associated virus particles.
Science 176:1420-1422.
Horwitz, M. S., Boyce-Janino, M. T. & Faras,
A. J., 1992. Novel human endogenous sequences related to human immunodeficiency
virus type 1. J. Virol. 66:2170-2179. Hughes, W. T., 1987. Pnuemocystis
carinii pneumonitis. NEJM 317:1021-1023.
Jackson, J. B., 1989. Haemophiliacs with HIV seroconversion
associated with heat-treated products: are they actively infected?
(Reply). JAMA 261:1275.
Jackson, J. B., Sannerud, K. J. & Balfour, H.
H., 1989. Comparison of two serum HIV antigen assays for selection
of asymptomatic antigenemic individuals into clinical trials. J.
Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2:394-397.
Jackson, J. B., Sannerud, K. J., Hopsicker, J. S.,
Kwok, S. Y., Edson, J. R. & Balfour, H. H., 1988. Hemophiliacs
with HIV antibody are actively infected. JAMA 260:2236-2239.
Jason, J. J., McDougal, S., Holman, R. C., Stein,
S. F., Lawrence, D. N., Nicholson, J. K. A., Dixon, G., Doxey, M.
& Evatt, B. L., 1985. Human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated
virus antibody. JAMA 253:3409-3415.
Jason, J. M., Evatt, B., Chorba, T. L. & Ramsey,
R. B., 1984. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in hemophiliacs.
Scand. J. Haematol. 33:349-356.
Jason, J. M., McDougal, J. S., Dixon, G., Lawrence,
D. N., Kennedy, M. S., Hilgartner, M., Aledort, L. & Evatt,
B. L., 1986. HTLV-III/LAV Antibody and Immune Status of Household
Contacts and Sexual Partners of Persons with Hemophilia. JAMA 255:212-215.
Johnson, R. E., Lawrence, D. N., Evatt, B. L., Bregman,
D. J., Zyla, L. D., Curran, J. W., Aledort, L. M., Eyster, M. E.,
Browstein, A. P. & Carman, C. J., 1985. Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome among patients attending hemophilia treatment centers and
mortality experience of hemophiliacs in the United States. Am. J.
Epidemiol. 121:797-810.
Jones, P., Hamilton, P. J., Bird, G., Fearns, M.,
Oxley, A., Tedder, R., Cheingsong-Popov, R. & Codd, A., 1985.
AIDS and haemophilia: morbidity and mortality in a well defined
population. Br. Med. J. 291:695-699.
Kessler, C. M., Schulof, R. S., Goldstein, A. L.,
Naylor, P. H., Luban, N. L., Kelleher, J. F. & Reaman, G. H.,
1983. Abnormal T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations Associated with Transfusions
of Blood-Dertived Products. Lancet I:991-992.
Kitchen, L. W., Barin, F., Sullivan, J. L., McLane,
M. F., Brettler, D. B., Levine, P. H. & Essex, M., 1984. Aetiology
of AIDS-antibodies to human T-cell leukaemia virus (type III) in
haemophiliacs. Nature 312:367-369.
Koerper, M. 1989. AIDS and hemophilia. pp. 79-95,
in AIDS Pathogenesis and Treatment, 1st Edition, edited
by J. A. Levy, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Kopitsky, R. G. & Geltman, E. M., 1986. Unstable
angina associated with factor VIII concentrate therapy for hemophilia
A. Ann. Int. Med. 105:215-216.
Kozhemiakin, L. A. & Bondarenko, I. G., 1992.
Genomic instability and AIDS. Biochimiia 57:1417-1426.
Lane, R. J. M., McLean, K. A., Moss, J. & Woodrow,
D. F., 1993. Myopathy in HIV infection: the role of zidovudine and
the significance of tubuloreticular inclusions. Neuropath. App.
Neurobiol. 19:406-413.
Lauritsen, J., 1990. Poison by prescription-The
AZT story. Asklepois Press, New York. Lawrence, D. N., Jason, J.
M., Holman, R. C., Heine, P. & Evatt, B. L., 1989. Sex practice
correlates of human immunodeficiency virus transmission and acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome incidence in heterosexual partners and
offspring of U.S. hemophilic men. A. J. Hematol. 30:68-76.
Lazcano, A., Valverde, V., Hernandez, G., Gariglio,
P., Fox, G. E. & Oro, J., 1992. On the early emergence of reverse
transcription: theoretical basis and experimental evidence. J. Mol.
Evol. 35:524-536.
Levine, P. H., 1985. The acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome in persons with hemophilia. Ann. Int. Med. 103:723-726.
Levine, P. H., Horoszewicz, J. S., Grace, J. T.,
Chai, L. S., Ellison, R. R. & Holland, J. F., 1967. Relationship
between clinical status of leukemic patients and virus-like particles
in their plasma. Cancer 20:1563-1577.
Levy, J. A., 1988. The transmission of AIDS: the
case of the infected cell. JAMA 259:3037-3038.
Levy, J. A., 1989. AIDS Pathogenesis and Treatment.
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Levy, J. A., Hoffman, A. D., Kramer, S. M., Landis,
J. A., Shimabukuro, J. M. & Oshiro, L. S., 1984. Isolation of
lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS.
Science 225:840-842.
Levy, J. A., Mitra, G. & Mozen, M. M., 1984.
Recovery and inactivation of infectious retroviruses added to factor
VIII concentrates. Lancet II:722-733.
Levy, J. A., Mitra, G. A., Wong, M. F. & Mozen,
M. M., 1985. Inactivation by wet and dry heat of AIDS-associated
retroviruses during factor VIII purification from plasma. Lancet
I:1456-1457.
Lewis, B. J., Abrell, J. W., Smith, R. G. &
Gallo, R. C., 1974. Human DNA polymerase III (R-DNA): Distinction
from DNA polymerase I and reverse transcriptase. Science 183:867-869.
Lian, E. C. Y., Larcada, A. F. & Chiu, A. Y.
Z., 1989. Combination immunosuppressive therapy after factor VIII
infusion for acquired factor VIII inhibitor. Ann. Int. Med. 110:774-778.
Lower, R. & Lower, J., 1993. Endogenous retrovirus
sequences in human teratocarcinoma cell lines. J. Acquir. Immune
Defic. Syndr. 6:738.
Ludlam, C. A., Steel, C. M., Cheingsong-Popov, R.,
McClelland, D. B. L., Tucker, J., Tedder, R. S., Weiss, R. A., Philip,
I. & Prescott, R. J., 1985. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-III
(HTLV-III) Infection in Seronegative Haemophiliacs after Transfusion
of Factor VIII. Lancet II:233-236.
Lundberg, G. D., 1988. Serological Diagnosos of
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by Western Blot Testing.
JAMA 260:674-679.
Madhok, R., Gracie, A., Lowe, G. D., Burnett, A.,
Froebel, K., Follett, E. & Forbes, C. D., 1986. Impaired cell
mediated immunity in haemophilia in the absence of infection with
human immunodeficiency virus. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. 293:978-980.
Mak, T. W., Manaster, J., Howatson, A. F., McCullough,
E. A. & Till, J. E., 1974. Particles with characteristics of
leukoviruses in cultures of marrow cells from leukemic patients
in remission and relapse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:4336-4340.
Mannucci, P. M., Gringeri, A., de Biasi, R., Baudo,
F., Morfini, M. & Ciavarella, N., 1992. Immune status of asymptomatic
HIV-infected hemophiliacs: randomized, prospective, two-year comparison
of treatment with a high-purity or an intermediate-purity factor
VIII concentrate. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 67:310-313.
Marx, J. L., 1983. Human T-cell virus linked to
AIDS. Science 220:806-809. Masquelier, B., Faivre, R., Paty, M.
C. & Fleury, H. J. A., 1992. HIV1 quantitation in infected patients:
a comparison of cell viraemia, plasma viraemia and R-HEV. Res. Virol.
143:17-22.
Matsuda, J., Gohchi, K., Tsukamoto, M., Saitoh,
N. & Kinoshita, T., 1993. High prevalence of anti-cardiolipin
antibody, C1q-, C3d- and mRF-IgG immune complexes, and anti-nuclear
antibody in hemophiliacs irrespective of infection with human immunodeficiency
virus type 1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:1120-1124.
Matthews, T. J. & Bolognesi, D. P., 1988. AIDS
vaccines. Sci. Am. 259:98-105.
McKeating, J. A. & Moore, J. P., 1991. HIV infectivity.
Nature 349:660.
Melbye, M., Biggar, R. J., Chermann, J. C., Montagnier,
L., Stenbjerg, S. & Ebbesen, P., 1984. High prevalence of lymphandenopathy
virus (LAV) in European haemophiliacs. Lancet II:40-41.
Mendenhall, C. L., Roselle, G. A., Grossman, C.
J., Rouster, S. D. & Weener, R. E., 1986. False Positive Tests
for HTLV-III Antibodies in Alcoholic Patients with Hepatitis. NEJM
314:921-922.
Michael, N. L., Chang, G., Ehrenberg, P. K., Vahey,
M. T. & Redfield, R. R., 1993. HIV-1 proviral genotypes from
the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an infected patient are
differentially represented in expressed sequences. J. Acquir. Immune
Defic. Syndr. 6:1073-1085.
Michaelis, B. A. & Levy, J. A., 1987. Recovery
of human immunodeficiency virus from serum. JAMA 257:1327.
Minassian, A., Merges, M., Garrity, R., Nagashima,
K., Tsai, W. P., Oroszlan, S. & Nara, P., 1993. Induction of
a SMRV-like retrovirus from a human T-cell line after treatment
with the mutagen ethyl-methyl-sulfonate. J. Acquir. Immune Defic.
Syndr. 6:738.
Mitsuya, H. & Broder, S., 1989. Antiretroviral
chemotherapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection:
perspective for therapy of hepatitis B virus infection. Cancer Detect.
Prev. 14:299-308.
Moffat, E. H., Bloom, A. L. & Mortimer, P. P.,
1985. HTLV-III antibody status and immunological abnormalities in
haemophilic patients. Lancet I:935.
Montagnier, L., 1985. Lymphadenopathy-Associated
Virus: From Molecular Biology to Pathogenicity. Ann. Int. Med. 103:689-693.
Moore, J. P. & Nara, P. L., 1991. The role of
the V3 loop and gp120 in HIV infection. AIDS 5:S21-S33.
Mortimer, P. P., 1989. The AIDS virus and the AIDS
test. Med. Internat. 56:2334-2339.
Moss, A. R., Bacchetti, P., Osmond, D., Krampf,
W., Chaisson, R. E., Stites, D., Wilber, J., Allain, J. P. &
Carlson, J., 1988. Seropositivity for HIV and the development of
AIDS or AIDS related condition: three year follow up of the San
Francisco cohort. Br. Med. J. 296:745-750.
Muller, G., 1960. Interstitielle plasmacellulare
Pneumonie nach Corticosteroidbehandlung. Frankfurter Zeitschrift
Pathologie 70:657-675.
Natoli, C., Dianzani, F., Mazzotta, F., Balocchini,
E., Peirotti, P., Antonelli, G. & Icaobelli, S., 1993. 90K Protein:
A New Predictor Marker of Disease Progression in Human Immunodeficiency
Virus Infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:370-375.
Neumann, P., O'Shaughnessy, M., Remis, R., Tsoukas,
C., Lepine, D. & Davis, M., 1990. Laboratory evidence of active
HIV-1 infection in Canadians with hemophilia associated with administration
of heat-treated factor VIII. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 3:278-281.
Neurath, A. R., Strick, N. & Sproul, P. S. O.,
1992. Search for hepatitis B virus cell receptors reveals binding
sites for interleukin 6 on the virus envelope protein. J. Exp. Med.
175:461-469.
Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., Demarest, J. F., Butini,
L., Montroni, M., Fox, C. H., Orenstein, J. M., Kotler, D. P. &
Fauci, A. S., 1993. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid
tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 362:355-358.
Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., 1982. A Mitotic Theory.
J. Theor. Biol. 96:741-758.
Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., 1988. Reappraisal of
AIDS: Is the oxidation caused by the risk factors the primary cause?
Med. Hypotheses 25:151-162.
Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Turner, V. F. & Papadimitriou,
J. M., 1992. Oxidative Stress, HIV and AIDS. Res. Immunol. 143:145-148.
Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Turner, V. F. & Papadimitriou,
J. M., 1993a. Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection?
Bio/Technology 11:696-707.
Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Turner, V. F. & Papadimitriou,
J. M., 1993b. Has Gallo proven the role of HIV in AIDS? Emerg. Med.
[Australia] 5:113-123.
Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Turner, V. F., Papdimitriou,
J. M., Causer, D., Hedland-Thomas, B. & Page, B., 1994. A critical
analysis of the HIV-T4-cell-AIDS hypothesis. Genetica 95:25-50.
Parmentier, H. K., van Wichen, D. F., Gmelig Meyling,
F. H. J., Goudsmit, J. & Schuurman, H. J., 1992. Epitopes of
human immunodeficiency virus regulatory proteins tat, nef, and rev
are expressed in normal human tissue. Am. J. Pathol. 141:1209-1216.
Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M. G. & Read, E.,
1984. Detection, Isolation,and Continuous Production of Cytopathic
Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS. Science
224:497-500.
Ragni, M. V., Lewis, J. H., Spero, J. A. & Bontempo,
F. A., 1983. Acquired-immunodeficiency-like syndrome in two hemophiliacs.
Lancet I:213-214.
Rahemtulla, A., Durrant, S. T. S. & Hows, J.
M., 1986. Subacute encephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency
virus in haemophilia A. Br. Med. J. 293:993.
Ramsey, R. B., Palmer, E. L., McDougal, J. S., Kalyanaraman,
V. S., Jackson, D. W., Chorba, T. L., Holman, R. C. & Evatt,
B. L., 1984. Antibody to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in haemophiliacs
with and without AIDS. Lancet II:397-398.
Redfield, R. R. & Burke, D. S., 1988. HIV infection:
the clinical picture. Sci. Am. 259:70-78.
Remis, R. S., O'Shaughnessy, M. V., Tsoukas, C.,
Growe, G. H., Schechter, M. T., Palmer, R. W. H. & Lawrence,
D. N., 1990. HIV transmission to patients with hemophilia by heat-treated,
donor-screened factor concentrate. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1247-1254.
Rizza, C. R. & Spooner, R. J. D., 1983. Treatment
of haemophilia and related disorders in Britain and Northern Ireland
during 1976-80: report on behalf of the directors of haemophilia
centres in the United Kingdom. Br. Med. J. 286:929-933.
Robert-Guroff, M., Schrecker, A. W., Brinkman, B.
J. & Gallo, R. C., 1977. DNA polymerase y of human lymphoblasts.
Biochem. 16:2866-2873.
Rosenberg, Z. F. & Fauci, A. S., 1990. Immunopathogenic
mechanisms of HIV infection: cytokine induction of HIV expression.
Immunol. Today 11:176-180.
Sarngadharan, M. G., Robert-Guroff, M. & Gallo,
R. C., 1978. DNA polymerases of normal and neoplastic mammalian
cells. Biochim. Biophysica. Acta. 516:419-487.
Sarria, L., Gallego, L., de las Heras, B., Basaras,
M. & Cisterna, R. S. O., 1993. Production of hepatitis B virus
from peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin.
Enferm. Infect. Microbiol. Clin. 11:187-189.
Schneider, T. S., Beck, A. B., Ropke, C., Ullrich,
R., Harthus, H. P., Broker, M. & Pauli, G., 1993. The HIV-1
Nef protein shares an antigenic determinant with a T-cell surface
protein. AIDS 7:647-654.
Schneweis, K. E., Ackermann, A., Friedrich, A.,
Kleim, J. P., Kornau, K. & Ruff, R., 1989. Comparison of different
methods for detecting human immune deficiency virus in human immunodeficiency
virus-seropositive hemophiliacs. J. Med. Virol. 29:94-101.
Schneweis, K. E., Kleim, J. P., Bailly, E., Niese,
D., Wagner, N. N. & Brackman, H. H., 1990. Graded cytopathogenicity
of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the course of HIV infection.
Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 179:193-203.
Schupbach, J., Jendis, J. B., Bron, C., Boni, J.
& Tomasik, Z., 1992. False-positive HIV-1 virus cultures using
whole blood. AIDS 6:1545-1546.
Sheppard, H. W., Ascher, M. S. & Krowka, J.
F., 1993. Viral burden and HIV disease. Nature 364:291.
Shoebridge, G. I., Barone, L., Wing-Simpson, A.,
Bennetts, B. H., Nighingale, B. N., Hensley, W. J. & Gatenby,
P. A., 1991. Assessment of HIV status using the polymerase chain
reaction in antibody-positive patients and high-risk antibody-negative
haemophiliacs. AIDS 5:221-224.
Simmonds, P., Beatson, D., Cuthbert, R. J. G., Watson,
H., Reynolds, B., Peutherer, J. F., Parry, J. V., Ludlam, C. A.
& Steel, C. M., 1991. Determinants of HIV disease progression:
six-year longitudinal study in the Edinburgh haemophilia/HIV cohort.
Lancet 338:1159-1163.
Smith, D. K., Neal, J. J. & Holmberg, S.D.,
1993. Unexplained opportunistic infections and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia
without HIV infection. NEJM 328:373-379.
Temin, H. M. & Baltimore, D., 1972. RNA-Directed
DNA Synthesis and RNA Tumor Viruses. Adv. Vir. Res.17:129-186.
Todaro, G. J., Benveniste, R. E. & Sherr, C.
J. 1976. Interspecies Transfer of RNA Tumour Virus Genes: Implications
for the search for "Human" Type C Viruses. pp. 369-384,
in Animal Virology, edited by D. Baltimore, A. S. Huang and C. S.
Fox, Academic Press Inc., New York.
Touchette, N., 1993. HBV-drug deaths prompt restudy
of similar antivirals. J. NIH Res. 5:33-35.
Toyoshima, K. & Vogt, P. K., 1969. Enhancement
and Inhibition of Avian Sarcoma Viruses by Polycations and Polyanions.
Virol.38:414-426.
Tsoukas, C., Gervais, F., Shuster, J., Gold, P.,
O'Shaughnessy, M. & Robert-Guroff, M., 1984. Association of
HTLV-III Antibodies and Cellular Immune Status of Hemophiliacs.
NEJM 311:1514-1515.
van Aken, W. G. 1991. Preparation of plasma derivatives.
pp. 323-333, in Principles of Transfusion Medicine, edited by E.
C. Rossi, T. L. Simon and G. S. Moss, WIlliams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
van den Berg, W., Ten Cate, J. W., Breederveld,
C. & Goudsmit, J., 1986. Seroconversion to HTLV-III in haemophiliac
given heat-treated factor VIII concentrate. Lancet I:803-804.
Varmus, H., 1987. Reverse Transcription. Sci. Am.
257:48-54.
Varmus, H., 1988. Retroviruses. Science 240:1427-1435.
Varmus, H. & Brown, P. 1989. Retroviruses. pp.
53-108, in Mobile DNA, edited by D. E. Berg and M. M. Howe, American
Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C.
Varmus, H. E., 1989. Reverse transcription in bacteria.
Cell 56:721-724.
Vegnente, A., Guida, S., Lobo-Yeo, A., Alviggi,
L., Daniels, H., Toscano, P., Nuzzo, V., Mieli-Vergani, G. &
Vergani, D. S. O., 1991. T lymphocyte activation is associated with
viral replication in chronic hepatitis B virus infection of childhood.
Clin. Exp. Immunol. 84:190-194.
Vilmer, E., Rouzioux, C., Vezinet Brun, F., Fischer,
A., Chermann, J. C., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Gazengel, C., Dauguet,
C., Manigne, P. & Griscelli, C., 1984. Isolation of new lymphotropic
retrovirus from two siblings with Haemophilia B, one with AIDS.
Lancet I:753-757.
Vincent, F., Belec, L., Glotz, D., Menoyo-Calonge,
V., Dubost, A. & Bariety, J., 1993. False-positive neutralizable
HIV antigens detected in organ transplant recipients. AIDS 7:741-742.
Wagner, N., Bialek, R., Radinger, H., Becker, M.,
Schneweis, K. E., Brackman, H. H. & Niese, D., 1990. HIV-1 infection
in a cohort of haemophiliac patients. Arhiv. Dis. Childhood 65:1301-1304.
Wain-Hobson, S., 1989. HIV genome variability in
vivo. AIDS 3:S13-S18.
Watson, K. F., Molling, K., Gelderblom, H. &
Bauer, H., 1974. Oncornavirus-like particles in HeLa cells. III.
Biochemical characterization of the virus. Int. J. Cancer 13:262-267.
Weber, J. & Ariyoshi, K., 1992. Lack of correlation
between acidified HIV p24 antigen and plasma viraemia. AIDS 6:428-429.
Weber, J. N. & Weiss, R. A., 1988. HIV infection:
the cellular picture. Sci. Am. 259:80-87.
Weiss, R., Teich, N., Varmus, H. & Coffin, J.,
Ed. 1982. RNA Tumor Viruses. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Weissbach, A., Baltimore, D., Bollum, Gallo, R.C.
& Korn, D., 1975. Nomenclature of eukaryotic DNA polymerases.
Science 190:401-402.
WHO, 1986. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
WHO/CDC case definition for AIDS. Wkly. Epidem. Rec. 61:69-76.
WHO, 1988. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
1987 revision of CDC/WHO case definition for AIDS. Wkly. Epidem.
Rec. 63:1-8.
Wong-Staal, F. & Gallo, R. C., 1985. Human T-lymphotropic
retroviruses. Nature 317:395-403.
Wu, T. C., Kanayama, M. D., Hruban, R. H., Whitehead,
W. & Raj, B. K., 1993. Detection of a neuron-specific 9.0-kb
transcript which shares homology with antisense transcripts of HIV-1
gag gene in patients with and without HIV-1 infection. Am. J. Pathol.
142:25-31.
Zhang, L. Q., Simmonds, P., Ludlam, C. A. &
Leigh Brown, A. J., 1991. Detection, quantification and sequencing
of HIV-1 from the plasma of seropositive individuals and from factor
VIII concentrates. AIDS 5:675-681.
|